Contents - Ada 95 Rationale

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Part One Introduction

I Evolution of Ada 95

I.1 The Revision Process

I.2 The Requirements

I.3 The Main User Needs

I.4 The Approach

I.5 Using this Document

II Highlights of Ada 95

II.1 Programming by Extension

II.2 Class Wide Programming

II.3 Abstract Types and Subprograms

II.4 Summary of Type Extension

II.5 Dynamic Selection

II.6 Other Access Types

II.7 Hierarchical Libraries

II.8 Private Child Units

II.9 Protected Types

II.10 Task Scheduling and Timing

II.11 Generic Parameters

II.12 Other Improvements

II.13 The Predefined Library

II.14 The Specialized Needs Annexes

II.15 Conclusion

III Overview of the Ada Language

III.1 Objects, Types, Classes and Operations

III.2 Statements, Expressions and Elaboration

III.3 System Construction

III.4 Multitasking

III.5 Exception Handling

III.6 Low Level Programming

III.7 Standard Library

III.8 Application Specific Facilities

III.9 Summary

Part Two The Core Language

1 Introduction

1.1 Overall Approach

1.2 The Reference Manual

1.3 Syntax

1.4 Classification of Errors

1.5 Requirements Summary

2 Lexical Elements

2.1 Reserved Words and Identifiers

2.2 Program Text

2.3 Pragmas

2.4 Requirements Summary

3 Types and Expressions

3.1 Types, Classes, Objects and Views

3.2 Character Types

3.3 Numeric Types

3.4 Composite Types

3.5 Array Types

3.6 Record Types

3.7 Access Types

3.8 Type Conversion

3.9 Staticness

3.10 Other Improvements

3.11 Requirements Summary

4 Object Oriented Programming

4.1 Background and Concepts

4.2 General Approach

4.3 Class Wide Types and Operations

4.4 Examples of Use

4.5 Dispatching and Redispatching

4.6 Multiple Inheritance

4.7 Relationship with Previous Work

4.8 Requirements Summary

6 Subprograms

6.1 Parameter and Result Mechanism

6.2 Renaming of Bodies and Conformance

6.3 Overloading of Equality and Inequality Operators

6.4 Requirements Summary

7 Packages

7.1 Private Types and Extensions

7.2 Deferred Constants

7.3 Limited Types

7.4 Controlled Types

7.5 Requirements Summary

8 Visibility Rules

8.1 Scope and Visibility

8.2 Use Clauses

8.3 Renaming

8.4 Other Improvements

8.5 Requirements Summary

9 Tasking

9.1 Protected Types

9.2 The Requeue Statement

9.3 Timing

9.4 Asynchronous Transfer of Control

9.5 The Abort Statement

10 Program Structure and Compilation Issues

10.1 The Hierarchical Library

10.2 Program Structure

10.3 Elaboration

10.4 Library Package Bodies

10.5 Other Improvements

10.6 Requirements Summary

11 Exceptions

11.1 Numeric Error

11.2 Exception Occurrences

11.3 Exceptions and Optimization

11.4 Other Improvements

11.5 Requirements Summary

12 Generics

12.1 The Contract Model

12.2 Numeric Types

12.3 Access Types

12.4 Derived Types

12.5 Tagged Types

12.6 Package Parameters

12.7 Other Improvements

12.8 Requirements Summary

13 Representation Issues

13.1 Representation of Data

13.2 The Package System

13.3 The Valid Attribute

13.4 Storage Pool Management

13.5 Freezing of Representations

13.6 The Pragma Restrictions

13.7 Requirements Summary

Part Three The Annexes

A Predefined Language Environment

A.1 Character Handling

A.2 String Handling

A.3 Numerics Packages and Attributes

A.4 Input and Output

A.5 Command Line

A.6 Requirements Summary

B Interface to Other Languages

B.1 Interfacing Pragmas

B.2 C Interface Packages

B.3 COBOL Interface Package

B.4 Fortran Interface Package

B.5 Requirements Summary

C Systems Programming

C.1 Access to Machine Operations

C.2 Required Representation Support

C.3 Interrupt Support

C.4 Preelaboration Requirements

C.5 Shared Variable Control

C.6 Task Identification and Attributes

C.7 Requirements Summary

D Real-Time Systems

D.1 Task Priorities

D.2 Priority Scheduling

D.3 Priority Ceiling Locking

D.4 Entry Queuing Policies

D.5 Dynamic Priorities

D.6 Preemptive Abort

D.7 Tasking Restrictions

D.8 Monotonic Time

D.9 Delay Accuracy

D.10 Synchronous Task Control

D.11 Asynchronous Task Control

D.12 Special Optimization and Determinism Rules

D.13 Requirements Summary

E Distributed Systems

E.1 The Partition Model

E.2 Categorization of Library Packages

E.3 Consistency of a Distributed System

E.4 Remote Subprogram Calls

E.5 Post-Compilation Partitioning

E.6 Configuring a Distributed System

E.7 Partition Communication Subsystem

E.8 Requirements Summary

F Information Systems

F.1 Decimal Computation

F.2 Edited Output

F.3 Requirements Summary

G Numerics

G.1 Complex Arithmetic

G.2 Floating Point Machine Numbers

G.3 Assignments to Variables of Unconstrained Numeric Types

G.4 Accuracy and Other Performance Issues

G.5 Requirements Summary

H Safety and Security

H.1 Understanding Program Execution

H.2 Reviewable Object Code

H.3 Safety and Security Restrictions

H.4 Validation against the Annex

H.5 Issues outside the Scope of the Standard

H.6 Requirements Summary

Part Four Appendices

Appendix X Upward Compatibility

X.1 Reserved Words

X.2 Type Character

X.3 Library Package Bodies

X.4 Indefinite Generic Parameters

X.5 Numeric Error

X.6 Other Incompatibilities

X.7 Conclusion

Appendix Y Revisions to Drafts

Y.1 Core Language

Y.2 Predefined Environment

Y.3 Specialized Needs Annexes

Appendix Z Requirements

Z.1 Analysis

Z.2 Conclusion

Index

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Laurent Guerby

Ada 95 Rationale